what is biohacking ,Types of biohacking ,and how can you become biohacker? 





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Subject: Request for Permission to Keep a Small Beard

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how to calculate kla, mixing time for mammalian cell culture like cho cell line

The volumetric mass transfer coefficient (Kla) and mixing time are important parameters in the design and optimization of bioreactors for mammalian cell culture, such as CHO cell lines. To calculate Kla, one common method is to use the dynamic gassing-out method. In this method, a known volume of gas is injected into the bioreactor, and the rate of oxygen consumption by the cells is measured over time. The Kla can then be calculated using the following equation: Kla = (d(DO) / dt) / (C*(S-X)) Where d(DO)/dt is the rate of oxygen consumption, C is the oxygen solubility in the liquid, S is the oxygen saturation concentration, and X is the dissolved oxygen concentration in the liquid. To calculate mixing time, one common method is to use the "tracer response method". In this method, a small amount of a non-toxic tracer, such as fluorescein, is added to the bioreactor. The mixing time can then be calculated as the time taken for the tracer to be homogeneously distributed ...
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effect of ph on rituximab production

The pH of the culture medium is an important parameter that affects the growth and productivity of cells in a bioreactor. The pH can affect the solubility, stability and activity of enzymes, as well as the uptake and metabolism of nutrients. In the case of rituximab production, the pH can affect the stability and activity of the protein, as well as the productivity of the cells. Optimal pH for rituximab production in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells usually ranges from 7.0 to 7.5. A pH that is too low or too high can cause the protein to denature or aggregate, reducing its activity and stability. Additionally, a pH that is too low or too high can also cause stress to the cells, reducing their productivity. A research article "Development of a high-titer, high-density fed-batch process for the production of Rituximab in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells" by Wang et al. (2015) aimed to improve the production of rituximab by developing a high-titer and high-density fed-batc...
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