ASIF BIOTECH

  Bevacizumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody that targets the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein. It is used to treat a variety of cancers, such as colorectal, lung, glioblastoma, and renal cell carcinomas. Bevacizumab was first approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2004 for the treatment of metastatic colon and lung cancer. The development of bevacizumab began in the late 1990s, when scientists at Genentech, a subsidiary of Roche, recognized the potential of targeting VEGF for the treatment of cancer. The VEGF protein is known to promote the growth of new blood vessels, which is essential for the growth and spread of tumors. By targeting VEGF, bevacizumab can inhibit the growth of new blood vessels and thus, slow the growth of tumors. To develop bevacizumab, Genentech scientists first identified a mouse monoclonal antibody that binds to VEGF, and then humanized it to minimize the potential for an immune response. The humanized anti

PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) control is a control loop feedback mechanism used to regulate the temperature, pH, and other process variables in a bioreactor. It is commonly used in the control systems of bioreactors to maintain a steady state and avoid large fluctuations in the process variables. The PID controller calculates the error between the desired set point and the current process variable and then generates a correction signal to adjust the process. The correction signal is generated by combining three control terms: Proportional control: This term generates a correction signal that is proportional to the error between the set point and the current process variable. The proportionality constant is known as the proportional gain (Kp). Integral control: This term generates a correction signal that is proportional to the integral of the error over time. The integral gain (Ki) is used to adjust this term. Derivative control: This term generates a correction signal

The volumetric mass transfer coefficient (Kla) and mixing time are important parameters in the design and optimization of bioreactors for mammalian cell culture, such as CHO cell lines. To calculate Kla, one common method is to use the dynamic gassing-out method. In this method, a known volume of gas is injected into the bioreactor, and the rate of oxygen consumption by the cells is measured over time. The Kla can then be calculated using the following equation: Kla = (d(DO) / dt) / (C*(S-X)) Where d(DO)/dt is the rate of oxygen consumption, C is the oxygen solubility in the liquid, S is the oxygen saturation concentration, and X is the dissolved oxygen concentration in the liquid. To calculate mixing time, one common method is to use the "tracer response method". In this method, a small amount of a non-toxic tracer, such as fluorescein, is added to the bioreactor. The mixing time can then be calculated as the time taken for the tracer to be homogeneously distributed

Darbepoetin alfa is a recombinant protein that is used to treat anemia caused by chronic kidney disease and cancer chemotherapy. It is produced using recombinant DNA technology in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. A recent research article, "High-yield production of darbepoetin alfa in fed-batch Chinese hamster ovary cells" by Lee et al. (2019), aimed to investigate the production of darbepoetin alfa in a fed-batch cultivation system. The study used a recombinant CHO cell line that had been modified to express the darbepoetin alfa gene. The cells were grown in a culture medium containing glucose and amino acids, and the culture conditions, such as temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen, were optimized to achieve high yields of the protein. The results of the study showed that a high yield of darbepoetin alfa (over 20mg/L) was achieved using the fed-batch cultivation system. The study also found that the specific productivity of the cells was highest during the transition

The effect of temperature on rituximab production has been studied in several research articles. Generally, it has been found that the optimal temperature for rituximab production is around 37°C, which is the same temperature that is optimal for the growth and metabolism of CHO cells. However, some studies have shown that slightly lower temperatures may also be beneficial for rituximab production. A study by Krieg et al. (2010) showed that reducing the temperature to 33°C during the stationary phase of the culture increased the yield of a monoclonal antibody (similar to rituximab) by 2.5-fold compared to cultivation at 37°C. Similarly, another study by Wang et al. (2020) found that a temperature of 34°C during the stationary phase resulted in a 1.5-fold increase in the yield of rituximab compared to the exponential phase. On the other hand, a study by Hong et al. (2017) found that a temperature of 32°C resulted in a significant reduction in the yield of rituximab compared to 37

Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody that is used to treat various types of cancer, such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and rheumatoid arthritis. It is produced in a recombinant form using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. One of the main challenges in the production of rituximab is to achieve high yields of the protein while maintaining its quality and stability. A recent research article, "Rituximab production in fed-batch Chinese hamster ovary cells at the stationary phase" by Wang et al. (2020), aimed to investigate the effect of the culture phase on the yield and quality of rituximab. The study used a fed-batch cultivation system in which the cells were grown in a culture medium containing glucose and amino acids. The cells were harvested at different stages of growth, including the exponential phase, the transition phase, and the stationary phase. The results of the study showed that the highest yield of rituximab was achieved when the cells were harvested at the stationa

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